RAAS inhibitor (RAASi)在很多共病症的指引多為第一線建議用藥,尤其是有DM或心血管疾病共病的病人,但RAASi在嚴重腎衰竭病人的使用上,臨床考量往往存在著安全性的擔憂,包含增加creatinin和potassium問題。
如何做個別化的考量,目前根據observational study、system review和RCT對於all-cause mortality、cardiovascular mortality和惡化到需要洗腎的風險,證據尚有歧異。本篇會試著根據在三篇臨床試驗的探討,評估衡量RAASi在CKD的有效性與安全性。
“不同的臨床試驗的結果對於RAASi的結論不同,但共識是:繼續使用RASSi是沒有帶來傷害的”
第一篇研究:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker use, and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease
➡️本篇研究可歸納出:RAASi的使用,在年紀大、有CKD的病人,可以降低21%全死亡率(all-cause mortality)。
▲Kaplan-Meier survival curves of 20,247 ACEI/ARB-treated and 20,247 untreated patients matched by propensity scores
▲Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of all-cause mortality associated with ACEI/ARB administration in various subgroups of 40,494 propensity score-matched patients with non-dialysis dependent CKD
此研究提出了RAASi對於mortality的幫助,可能貢獻的機轉有:
- 能夠減少並重塑心衰竭病人的左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy)嚴重程度,以上心臟問題是CKD病人常見的,因此RAASi被認為可以下降CKD病人的CV risk。
- RAASi在CKD病人有保護腎臟的功能(Renoprotective)(降低蛋白尿)
- 調節renin-angiotensin system有抗發生的作用(anti-inflammatory effect)。
在2018年的一個meta-analysis,收錄了9個RCT,比較了RAASi與安慰劑或其他類降血壓藥物在CKD stage 3~5期的療效。儘管本篇meta-analysis著重於合併有糖尿病和尚未洗腎的CKD病人(N = 9797),但還是有一些RCT包括沒有糖尿病的病人。由於收納病人的特徵、共病、介入措施和endpoints等方面的差異,結果的資料擷取與分析因此包含不等數量的participants。總體而言,持續使用RAASi和對照組在all-cause mortality(N = 5309;risk ratio [RR] = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-1.10)、cardiovascular mortality (N = 3748; RR = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.75-1.41)或不良反應事件 (N = 1822; RR = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.89-1.25)方面都沒有統計學上差異。不過,使用RAASi發生nonfatal cardiovascular event的機率較少(N = 6138;RR = 0.90;95% CI,0.81-1.00)。另外,觀察到RAAS組可降低composite endpoint (進展到洗腎或doubling of serum creatinine)的風險(N = 5202;RR = 0.81;95% CI,0.70-0.92);另外,CKD合併DM的病人,composite endpoint風險下降更多(N = 3314;RR = 0.78;95% CI,0.67-0.90)。
➡️本篇研究可歸納出:
- RAASi不能降低死亡率,但不良反應也並未因繼續使用而增加。
- RAASi可以降低病人發生非致命的CV的事件10%的風險。
- RAASi可以降低病人進展的洗腎的風險19%的風險,尤其是CKD合併有DM的病人,可以降低22%的風險。
第三篇研究:Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in advanced chronic kidney disease
➡️本篇研究可歸納出:在CKD stage 4 and 5的病人,停止使用RAASi三天後的腎功能反而比持續使用RAASi腎功能下降0.7%。
“結論:在嚴重腎衰竭病人繼續使用RAASi是安全且合理的做法,但定期追蹤GFR和血鉀是必要的!”
英國Renal Association(RA) and the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists(ABCD)於2021年發佈了指引:Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension and RAAS blockade in adults with diabetic kidney disease。文中指出,由於臨床試驗結果因糖尿病類型(1型和2型)和蛋白尿嚴重度而異,但總體結果顯示,使用RAASi對整體臨床outcome是正面的。這被認為是由於降低血壓而達到的效果。(BMC Nephrol. 2022;23:9. link)
此協會並於2022年更新,增加了sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors (見下文), non-steroidal selective mineralocorticoid antagonists (詳見此篇) and endothelin-A receptor antagonists在DM的腎臟保護角色。
Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors在ckd角色:
血壓:
In the CREDENCE trial systolic blood pressures were lower in the canagliflozin group by 3.30 mmHg (95% CI 2.73 to 3.87) and diastolic blood pressure by 0.95 mmHg (95% CI, 0.69–0.92) compared with the placebo group. Despite the greater reduction in eGFR in the first 3 weeks in the canagliflozin group (− 3.17 mL/min/1.73 m2, 95% CI, − 3.87 to − 2.47) the longer term decline in kidney function was slower in the canagliflozin group by 2.74 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year (95% CI, 2.37, 3.11). This phenomenon is very similar to what is seen with RAASi and hence SGLT-2i may have a similar mechanism of action.
➡️ SGLT2i可以降低血壓。但前三週的GFR會降低,此現象和RAASi剛開始用時是一樣的。
尿蛋白:
There was also a 31% reduction of UACR in the canagliflozin group. The majority of the participants had CKD stage 3 with mean eGFR at baseline of 56.2 ± 18.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 with significant albuminuria 300~5000 mg/g. However, 373 people reached the study endpoints of end-stage kidney disease, doubling of serum creatinine and renal death indicating a group of people with CKD stages 4 and 5 benefited from continued canagliflozin even at eGFRs < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
➡️ SGLT2i可以降低蛋白尿。收錄族群中有一群病人後來發展到了GFR<30,顯示,繼續服用SGLT2i對於尿蛋白仍有幫助。
⚠️英國ABCD和RA協會指引指出,以下條件是RAASi必須暫時停止使用的:
- 當病人使用RAASi前血鉀> 5mmol/L,或使用後血鉀≥ 6mmol/L
- 開始RAASi後,eGFR下降> 25%或血清肌酸酐上升> 30%,且沒有其他腎功能惡化的因素
- 懷孕!!
- 有脫水風險時(sick day rule)(RAASi可以在體液矯正或解除volume depletion風險後24至48小時後恢復使用)
RAASi的使用benefit多是因可以降低各種risk,因此若在病人已經沒有多長的存活時間時,可以再多做風險與利益的考量。
(RAASi risk reduction詳見下文整理)
Conclusion:集結目前證據顯示支持advanced CKD病人繼續 RAASi,特別是在有糖尿病和心血管疾病共病症的病人。 研究數據顯示,繼續RAASi對共病症的morbidity結果是中立或甚至有益的。 唯一需要特別注意的是,應持續監測這病人的腎功能和血鉀濃度。 綜合以上臨床證據,在嚴重腎衰竭病人繼續使用RAASi是安全且合理的做法。
目前國際指引針對RAASi的使用建議:
- ACE inhibitors are recommended for patients with asymptomatic LV systolic dysfunction with or without a history of MI in order to prevent or delay the onset of HF and prolong life (Class I recommendation)
- ACE inhibitors should be considered in patients with stable coronary artery disease even if they do not have LV systolic dysfunction, in order to prevent or delay the onset of HF (Class II recommendation)
Kdigo guidelines recommend use of RAAS inhibitors for CKD
- We recommend ARB or ACE inhibitor use in both diabetic & nondiabetic adults with CKD & urine albumin excretion >300mg/24 hours (or equivalent) (Level 1 recommendation)
- We suggest ARB or ACE inhibitor use in diabetic adults with CKD and urine albumin excretion 30–300mg/24 hours (or equivalent) (Level 2 recommendation)
RAASi risk reduction:
第一篇文獻:Cheng et al JAMA Internal Medicine May 2014 Volume 174, Number 5
- ACEi可以降低以下風險:
↓all-cause mortality by 13%↓CV deaths by 17%↓major CV events by 14% (MI 21%; HF 19%)
- ARB可以降低以下風險:
↓heart failure by 30%
- ARB 對於下降風險沒有統計學上意義的:
All-cause mortalityCV death
第二篇文獻:The Divergent Cardiovascular Effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Myocardial Infarction and Death
▲比較ACEi和ARB的risk reduction.
Strauss, M.H., & Hall, A.S. (2016). The Divergent Cardiovascular Effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Myocardial Infarction and Death. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 58 5, 473-82 . (link)
Reference:
- Molnar MZ, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lott EH, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker use, and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:650-658. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.050
- Nistor I, De Sutter J, Drechsler C, et al. Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in adults with diabetes mellitus and advanced chronic kidney disease not on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;33:12-22. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfx072
- Bhandari S, Mehta S, Khwaja A, et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in advanced chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:2021-2032. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2210639
- Weir MR, Lakkis JI, Jaar B, et al. Use of renin-angiotensin system blockade in advanced CKD: an NKF–KDOQI controversies report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;72:873-884. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.06.010
- Banerjee, D et al. “Management of hypertension and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in adults with diabetic kidney disease: Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and the Renal Association UK guideline update 2021.” BMC nephrology vol. 23,1 9. 3 Jan. 2022, doi:10.1186/s12882-021-02587-5
- Strauss, M.H., & Hall, A.S. (2016). The Divergent Cardiovascular Effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Myocardial Infarction and Death. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 58 5, 473-82 .
- https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-mds/trials/bctu/A-Renovascular/STOPACEi/1-STOP-ACEi-IM2017-CI.pdf
First released: 30.April.2023




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